“St. James’s Palace released the details of the dress just as Miss Middleton stepped out of a royal Rolls-Royce with her father, Michael, to walk down the aisle at Westminster Abbey.” – New York Times, April 29th, 2011
“Osama bin Laden, the mastermind of the most devastating attack on American soil in modern times and the most hunted man in the world, was killed in a firefight with United States forces in Pakistan on Sunday, President Obama announced.” –New York Times, May 1st, 2011
For the better part of the last two weeks I’ve been reading and rereading Jean Baudrillard’s essay “The Precession of Simulacra,” trying to make some sense of it and figure out something to say. I want to keep my thoughts under a thousand words, but it’s an elusive essay. How I think about it keeps changing. Baudrillard critiques contemporary Western culture—from religion to politics, from Egyptology to molecular science, from the Pirates of the Caribbean ride at Disneyland to the discovery and subsequent ‘replacement’ of Tasaday Indians in the Philippine jungles—as being based on “models of a real without origin or reality.” In short, he says that we no longer have a tangible relationship with reality, that we’ve mistaken the simulacra for the authentic. The myth, the model of reality since civilization began, now (and for the first time) precedes the objective fact, a situation he calls “hyperreality.”
I needed examples, one or two snapshots of so-called origin-less reality, of models without an authentic reference. Providence smiled upon me, offering up two perfect media bookends in a hyperreal world. On Friday, the world watched the choreographed celebration of a royal wedding in London. And then, as if on cue, on Sunday night with symmetry too sublime to craft, came the strange, jingoistic jubilation after the announcement of the death of Osama bin Laden.
The gods of the absurd had granted my wish.
REAL: (adj): of or relating to fixed, permanent or immovable things.
It is Tuesday morning now, and I’m sitting in a beach-side café in San Diego on a resplendent spring day. I’ve been trying to write this essay for a week. It shifts and finds new subjects. I want it to be readable and short, but it keeps growing, getting more dense, and escaping me. Even with the royal wedding and the killing of the an arch-terrorist as its new framework, I’m still at a bit of a loss.
I smell musty wood inside the café, the sea, French roast coffee. Across the way, eighty-odd glass jars of tea are lined on bookcases beneath a blue neon sign that reads “Tea Store”. Pretty girls in running shorts wander in and out amidst furtive glances of the men, including my own. These things are real, tangible, verifiable; my words are only abstractions, feeble keystrokes in the realm of the sign and the imagination. “To dissimulate is to pretend not to have what one has,” Baudrillard wrote some thirty years ago. “To simulate is to feign to have what one doesn’t have. One implies a presence, the other an absence.”
Through the act of writing (and reading) I pretend, which is the natural order of things. I attempt to ‘recreate’ a version of the real, but I know (and remember) that it’s not. I dissimulate because I accept the fact, painstakingly apparent, that my words will always fall short of the actual object or idea they describe. The real exists here, in front of me, as glass jars of tea, pretty women, and French roast coffee.
Baudrillard says that it’s the difference that matters, that by suspending disbelief, we keep the relationship between model (the words) and the real (the pretty girls) intact. But he argues that there is very little of the real left anymore, that it’s all a simulation of reality and that the model, the myth itself, is out in front of the real, thus the precession of the simulacra:
It is here, everywhere, in the metropolises, in the White community, in a world completely catalogued and analyzed, then artificially resurrected under the auspices of the real, in a world of simulation, of the hallucination of truth, the blackmail of the real, the murder of every symbolic form and of its hysterical, historical resurrection. (Emphasis original)
We have travelled from Plato’s cave and its shadows, observed reality, then returned to the cave and recreated new shadows on the wall. But these new shadows are no longer cast from tangible, objective forms, but are instead shadows of shadows themselves. Baudrillard suggests that we have built an ass-backwards reality. That it’s all a simulation.
Shadows of shadows and dead French philosophers. No wonder I drink!
SIMULACRA: signs that have no relation to reality; simulated simulations.
On Friday was the fairy tale, complete with horse-drawn carriages, men and women in strange costumes, princes and princesses and the promises of happy endings. Every detail of the royal wedding in London was parsed and portrayed with utmost concern. Venerable news organizations reported the events as real news, a fifty-million dollar affair so far removed from everyday reality that it seems absurd to even contemplate. “Ah, but the spectacle of it!” the dissenters cry out, defending the wedding as a pan-cultural celebration, a fairy tale writ large and acted out on a massive stage of instantaneous social media. But the fairy tale begins to be mistaken for something else. We convince ourselves that wedding is a dream and that our struggles are real, but perhaps not. Perhaps the wedding itself, the fantasy life we consume, is more real than our existence. The emperor (princess, in this case) has no clothes, or rather, she’s wearing an Alexander McQueen wedding gown but lacks a body. In Baudrillard’s universe, the gown creates the body, precedes the myth, and obliterates the difference.
Baudrillard would argue that the simulation was pre-created and the event staged to support the dreams of false reality. The real Kate Middleton simply doesn’t matter. Her reality is only a by-product of the simulation which came first. We are sold the simulation and happily fool ourselves that it’s something else.
The sign kills the real.
Baudrillard preferred Disneyland to royal weddings as a template for his essay, though I suspect the effect is the same. “Disneyland is the perfect model of all the entangled orders of simulacra,” he wrote. “Disneyland exists in order to hide that it is the ‘real’country…Disneyland is presented as imaginary in order to make-believe that the rest is real…It is no longer a question of a false representation of reality (ideology) but of concealing the fact that the real is no longer real.”
To muddle the metaphor a bit, the cultural anesthesia has become so strong that the patient is in a medically induced coma, unable to wake from the dream no matter how much she wants to. “The imaginary of Disneyland is neither true nor false, it is a deterrence machine set up in order to rejuvenate the fiction of the real in the opposite camp.”
“Sorry kids,” I shout. “Looks like we’re not going to Anaheim this summer!
HYPERREAL: a condition in which “reality” has been replaced by simulacra.
Jump-cut to Sunday night and the euphoric political and media frenzy of American pride over the death of Evil. All of it rings undeniably false to me. Osama bin Laden, the poster-boy for all things sinister after 9/11, is dead. I swear I can hear munchkins chanting in the background. Over the past ten years and the course of two protracted wars, the symbol of evil became much more real than the isolated and (to a certain extent) irrelevant man holed up in a compound without electricity or telephone service. Don’t get me wrong; I think there is something gratifying in finally ‘getting him,’ but America has spent trillions of dollars and sacrificed countless lives to defeat and destroy a symbol. In Baudrillardian imagery, the figure, the simulation of the real, became much more important than the real man himself.
Some ten years ago, I watched in horror as airplanes crashed into New York, Washington and Pennsylvania. My five-day-old daughter was literally on her way home from the hospital as the towers fell. On reflection, in contemplation of Baudrillard’s essay, it now seems that the events of 9/11 were also a crime against the hyperreality of our world. American was attacked that September morning, but so was our very notion of the real.
On 9/11, reality stared back at us, piercing the pervasive myth of our culture in a tragic replay of jets piercing the Trade Towers. The events of that day were like a nightmare, but we were awake. Reality felt eerily unreal.
Within weeks, possibly sooner, hyperreality was rapidly being reconstructed from the smoldering aftermath of the crumpled buildings and lost lives. And it helped to give the new reality a symbol, and this one was perfect, the devil himself reincarnate: Osama bin Laden.
His end, perfectly scripted like the royal wedding which preceded it, came from the President himself, fighting back a grin as he announced bin Laden’s death. Cue the patriotic music and the dancing in the streets. Has there ever been, in human history, a war fought by a nation’s army versus a single man?
I realize these are broad strokes. The military quietly and dutifully sacrifices everyday, risking their bodies and lives. My wife is in on active duty. I’ve lost many classmates from Annapolis in the war. The question that gnaws at me is, why? People were dancing in the streets of D.C. Sunday night? How to explain this?
Tribal, communitarian, precapitalist structures, every form of exchange of language, of symbolic organization, that is what must be abolished, that is the object of murder in war—and war itself, in its immense, spectacular death apparatus, is nothing but the medium of this process of the terrorist rationalization of the social—the murder on which sociality will be founded, whatever its allegiance.
In the end, I think Baudrillard takes it too far. He gets carried away with his own gamesmanship, but his essay certainly makes me squirm. He kicks at the chair upon which my reality stands, a noose already around its fragile neck. We live in a post-ironic age, a time when we no longer question what we are doing no matter how absurd, destructive or greedy. At times we must look like lemmings sprinting toward the precipice with Kate & Will thimbles in our pockets and “Don’t Tread on Me” flags stitched to our jeans. Who reads French philosophers anymore? Who questions reality? I begin to feel adrift, unsteady. I begin to marvel at my own ability to see clearly while everyone else is asleep. I begin to create of myth of myself. This is dangerous territory, I know. It is a false reality of my own making.
Then a man passes by my table in the café and sees my book. He slows a bit as he passes and I look up.
“You reading that for a class?” he says, pointing to the Baudrillard on the table. He looks to be about my age, white like me, dressed casually on a Tuesday morning and not sitting in an office somewhere. I wonder where our similarities begin and end.
I shake my head in the negative. “No, not for a class.”
“I’ve never seen anyone reading it in public before,” he says. He smiles.
I smile back and nod again.
“Pretty wild stuff,” I say, suddenly ashamed by my own inability to articulate more, to start a conversation with him. I wonder about him, who he is, why and when and how he was reading Baudrillard.
“Enjoy” he says. Then he moves off.
I realize, in this glorious instant, how little I know of people, of the world, of French philosophy, or even of myself. I can’t even start a conversation about an essay I’ve been reading for two weeks.
Or maybe I’m just a bit dizzy from caffeine and typing and all this abstract French, post-modernist philosophy. “The vertigo of a world without flaws” Baudrillard calls it. His essay re-awakens me, but it leaves me a bit cold, too. There is a real here in this café—in tea jars, pretty women and well-read strangers—and no matter how much I fail to express it, no matter how inadequate my representation or comprehension of it are, the real is unchanged, unchallenged and undaunted by my failures or by Baudrillard’s philosophy. Reality is intact. And this essay is now two-thousand words long.
—Richard Farrell
Well done. The two world events played out just like live theatre. I am a little dissappointed that you made no mention of the ‘hats’…all the players in these plays wear hats!
I was hoping no one would notice that Jen…thanks! 🙂
Ah, Rich. Struggle on. The honesty in this essay is beautiful.
“Shadows of shadows and dead French philosophers. No wonder I drink!” – LOL. Precisely why I retreated to science 🙂
He goes after science pretty hard in the essay, too Lynne. “…science cant’ help but die contaminated by the death of this object that is its inverse mirror. It is science that masters the objects, but it is the objects that invest it with depth, according to an unconscious reversion, which only gives a dead and circular response to a dead a circular interrogation.” Try telling that to a cancer patient, or to the scientists who eradicated polio and small pox, who helped find AIDS vaccines.
It’s really a fascinating read, but I think he gets a bit strange in places. His take on religion and iconography is much better.
Thanks for reading!
Thanks for this. I rarely get to read philosophical essays these days and I feel writers have a moral obligation to social critique. What is the Freud quote? It is something like in order for us to survive we all live in a sort of psychosis because the reality of our situation would destroy us. I want to say, that as a young undergrad I went wild for philosophers –especially Judith Butler, Lacan, Heidegger, Derrida, etc. I found myself addicted to understanding the Real, the Other, etc. etc. and I began to see the world in terms of certain philosophies….(not good for my writing, btw). Although I am not all that sure I what I actually understood, I do recall my sister and me making fun of certain faculty in the Cultural Studies and Comparative Lit dept. at UMN where we went to school. We made fun of their arrogance for the most part to ease or terror. I am trying to get to a point here, sort of, the point is this: I am regularly blown away by the complete falsehood and mythic farce of the culture we live in and participate in. As a woman, my body is prime ‘real estate’ and having grown up in this culture I find it very difficult to get away from its lies about my body. I find all of it, every bit of it comes back to capitalism and selling shit. Sometimes I also feel like we’ve quit talking about our false realities because it’s so obvious. It’s so obvious that Obama is smirking about the death of the “evil one”; it’s so obvious that working 40 hours/week at a job with no meaning is a form of slavery; it’s so obviously foolish that kids who weren’t even teens when 9/11 happened are chanting “USA” in the streets and not studying for exams, just like it was so obvious that whatever Bush said was the exact opposite of the truth e.g. “we’re fighting for freedom.” What actually blew me away was the genuine happiness John Steward seemed to have over the death of Osama—really he was acting like an animal on Monday night’s show. I have gone on long enough here. I really appreciate you, Rich!
Thanks for the thoughtful response Emily. I talk to my wife a lot about where feminism went…the way emancipation of women turned into a multi-billion dollar cosmetic, lingerie and fashion cottage industy. Sure, there have been real strides, but the slavery has turned into (exactly as you put it) a slavery of selling and buying shit. I think that’s why Baudrillard’s essay struck such a cord with me. And I think you’re right, too, that we’ve pretty much thrown up our hands a society and innoculated our terror with consumer goods and pharmaceuticals. And then, on top of it, I’m trying to find a way to raise my kids in this whole mess. That being said, it always comes back to the people I meet who restore my faith. The noise of the world quiets some when I run into thoughtuful, compassionate people. What’s the expression? All politics is local…it seems that holds true for my sense of the world…broad views depress me…one on one contact with people restores me. By the way, I agree about Stewart. I thought his response was funny in places but not very thoughtful and foolishly giddy. I expected more. I suppose you either buy in to it or you don’t.
RIch, I really appreciated this essay, but also your comment here. I like the way you work hard to connect the abstract (French philosophy) to the real (tea, women), even as you’re talking about simulacra, etc. And then it comes down to, how does one live an actual life in this world? And how does one bring up kids? Thanks for this real conversation and meaningful connection.
AM: Thanks for reading and commenting. If you figure out an answer to your questions, please let me know. 🙂
I estimate that I will figure this out slowly and with many errors over the course of the next 60+ years. Keep in touch!
Ah, this essay has tipped me into the throes of another tailspin of spiritual contemplation. Thanks a lot, Rich … and take that tone as you will 🙂 (post-ironic, perhaps).
That’s just pre-graduation jitters, Mary. They pass..right after your reading and 6 or 7 bottles of Jameson’s (the Talisker is reserved for once you start earning the real money when that MFA kicks in! )
“real money” … does that exist for MFA graduates, or is that also just a shadow of a shadow? 🙂
You are wise beyond your years, Mary. 🙂
But isn’t all money a simulacra? IT’s not actual real estate or food. (this is what I tell myself in order not to worry overly much about it)
Thanks for this, Rich! I especially like how you were sitting in a cafe, drinking tea or coffee, typing and (almost) conversing with well-read strangers about reality and hyperreality…it seems to echo that far away reality of the 1920s in Paris… 🙂
Thanks, Natasha…you’re reconstructing my reality. 🙂 If only I had said something!
@ Rich. Remember too that feminism gave us the idea that we’re not crazy it’s our environment that’s making us crazy (Raymond Carver’s story “So Much Water, So Close to Home” brilliantly depicts this, I beg everyone to read it). Sometimes I think it’s because we have access to so much media and so much information it has made us shut-down (though I have to say I like that information getting is more active these days than passive—we seek out our news sources). I think you are right that it comes down to or back to individuals: the personal conversations we have, the actions we take in our communities and homes and the meetings we have to decide things like what we’re going to do about a school shutting down or a new building project we don’t want in our neighborhood. One last thing here, I think you said you felt like Baudrillard goes too far and I’ve noticed this in certain more radical philosophy such as stuff on gender by Butler or Irigaray or Monique Wittig. One of my teachers once told me that sometimes we need to take what we know and throw it up into the air in order to let the pieces land differently as a way, or the only way, to attempt to get out of our paradigm of thought. Example: Wittig compares gender to being left handed vs. right handed… imagining the way we might build up the muscles of one arm or the other in order to dramatize the difference and so on and so forth: it gets you thinking.
Going to go read the Carver story now.
How do people ever get bored? Thanks for this wonderful response, again, Emily.
Great essay, Rich. I’d like to read the Baudrillard essay, now. Loved this line: “He kicks at the chair upon which my reality stands, a noose already around its fragile neck.” You make little mention of our online lives/Facebook world…probably another entire essay! I think it makes not questioning “what we are doing no matter how absurd, destructive or greedy” a lot easier. Again, really enjoyable read.
Thanks, Liz. He wrote the essay awhile ago…late 70’s or early 80’s. (The collection of essays in the book was orig. pub. in 1981) I can only imagine what he would say about the online world we live in it..probably that it’s the apotheosis of his ‘vision’. In that sense, the essay felt mildly prophetic, or maybe only inevitable from his vantage point. What’s fascinating to consider how much the world has changed in those 30 years since the writing, and how it will change in the next 30. And you’re right….would be anohter essay or two on it’s own. Hm…maybe it’s your turn for part II? 🙂
Thanks for reading and commenting, Liz!
Check out this link:
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qnhRBH1oLpM/TcQS0AX03_I/AAAAAAAAGFs/NduDbF6oz3A/s1600/Screen%2Bshot%2B2011-05-06%2Bat%2B11.24.16%2BAM.jpg
from:
http://www.americablog.com/2011/05/unfortunate-newspaper-front-pages.html
omg!
A picture is worth 2000 words. 🙂
Thanks Rich for an important and thoughtful piece. I just perused through Baudrillard’s essay; WOW! I can see why it took you some time to write you’re essay, although, I must say that I think you did a great job absorbing his stuff. Reality and the hyperreal, simulacra, psychosomatic, etc. are perplexing in that there is somewhat of a fine line: can it not be said that one’s reality is another’s hyperreality? I think that’s what B says. And, isn’t it the simulacra which allows us humans to cope with the realities of not only our individual worlds, but the world at large? I’m certainly not advocating that we should dismiss the real: the 9/11s, wars, senseless deaths of military personnel and innocent people who happen to get caught in the cross fire of war, the egregious acts of government ( thanks Bush), etc. What would happen, what would the world be like if there was no such thing as the unreal, such as Disney World or Land, royal weddings, narnia, Harry Potter, etc. I’m no fan of Disney Worlds myself and all that kind of stuff, but I can understand why we humans need to escape from the constant barrage of badness we are exposed to in the media. I suppose that’s why I have my martini every night (well, not really every night). Yes, I agree with B that the unreal is a mask (I think that’s what he says), an ostensible mask that is, which, at least for some, assuages their fears and anxieties.
By the way, Osama is dead, but who was he really? The images we’ve seen of him, recordings we’ve heard of him, were they the real him?
Yes, indeed, Osama was, or still is, an image of evil. So, although the war on terrorism, the hunt for Osama was real, were we not just going after someone who was, although a physical breathing being, just a representation of evil? So, it goes without saying that the realities of evil, of hatred in the world are still with us in many ways (sorry to be such a downer; I’m really not. It’s just a mask). On that note, what is truly real? What is truly unreal? It’s all subjective.
Anyway, I’ll stop here and read B’s essay again and again and again.
Rich, can you send me the reference to the essay; I want to make sure I’m reading the same one you read.
Thanks again for a thought provoking piece!